Showing posts with label Botany. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Botany. Show all posts

Friday, 12 March 2021

Avocets, Thrushes, Snow Buntings and a winter flower - four articles I have written recently

It's been a while since I've shared the links for my posts on The Tees Online (https://thetees.online/) - the local website that I write articles (well, blogs basically) on once a month. Below are the links for the last four (including one that went live today), plus a few of the photos to give you a taster before you click.

https://thetees.online/avocets-return-to-the-tees/

Close-up of an Avocet - photo by Dave Barlow


Fieldfare on the hunt for worms (probably) at Cowpen Marsh
- photo by Colin Conroy


Common Whitlowgrass flowers - photo by Kevin Widdowson

https://thetees.online/spotting-the-elusive-snow-bunting-at-south-gare/

Snow Buntings at South Gare - photo by Colin Conroy


Thursday, 29 October 2020

Ivy - Villain or Hero

My October article for The Tees Online has just been published (https://thetees.online/ivy-villain-or-hero/) but to make it easier for you, here is the text plus a few more photos.

"October Nature: Ivy - Hero or Villain?


What comes to mind when you think of Ivy? For many people it will bring up images of a pesky climbing weed that strangles trees, damages walls and fences and is no good for anything.


In fact Ivy, or Hedera helix to give it its scientific name, is a wonderful and unjustly vilified  plant that is great for wildlife in many different ways. 


Firstly, because it flowers in autumn it is a very important source of nectar for many species of insect at a time of year when few other plants are flowering and insects would really struggle without it. Although the flowers are more inconspicuous than those of many species, being mostly  pale green and lacking petals, a small patch of ivy can have hundreds of flower heads and provides food for large numbers of bees, wasps, hoverflies, butterflies and many other insects.


The insignificant looking flowers of Ivy are a rich source of 

nectar for insects late in the year in the UK


Many species of hoverflies, some of which have evolved to look like wasps to 

scare off potential predators, feed on Ivy flowers in the autumn




Later in the winter the flowers will develop into black berries which will help birds such as Blackbirds, Woodpigeons, Redwings and Fieldfares (the last two being migratory members of the Thrush family) survive the harshest months of the year.


In the winter months, patches of ground covered in Ivy may remain frost free when nearby areas are frozen solid. This allows birds and small mammals to continue searching for food in the leaf litter during icy weather. Also, its twisting, intertwining branches and stems, and its evergreen leaves, create many niches and hollows in which birds and other animals such as Wood Mice can find shelter from severe weather. In the spring and summer many birds build their nests in ivy to raise their young.


The commonest accusation levelled against this great plant is that it strangles trees. Ivy uses trees, to give it support and allow it to reach up towards the sunlight but it is not a parasite which feeds off them (unlike another, much more popular, evergreen plant - Mistletoe), and its presence is not a sign of an unhealthy tree. However, trees don’t live forever and have a natural life cycle involving different stages. Ivy will sometimes play a role in helping an old tree move along this continuum, from the vertical to the horizontal, as it were, and may bring trees down by acting as a sail during high winds, or by holding a great weight of snow after blizzards. This still doesn’t mean that Ivy is a villain though, as dead wood is an important part of a woodland ecosystem and the toppling of trees opens up the canopy, allowing sunlight to reach the forest floor and exposing bare soil. This lets plants and animals flourish that otherwise wouldn’t be able to compete.


But surely Ivy is still bad for buildings, I hear you say. Well, a three year study carried out jointly by Oxford University and English Heritage showed that, while it could make existing damage worse, it also had a positive effect in some cases by keeping walls warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer and by protecting them from salt and airborne pollution.


The familiar lobed leaves, which give the name to several 

other unrelated plants (such as Ivy-leaved Toadflax 

and Ivy-leaved Speedwell) are found on young plants only. 

More mature plants have simple oval-shaped leaves


Finally, Ivy features prominently in folklore. Bacchus, the Roman god of wine, the grape-harvest and fertility, is often depicted wreathed in Ivy as well as the more predictable grape-vines. It also symbolised intellectual prowess in ancient Rome and Ivy wreaths were given to the winners of poetry contests. It was also a symbol of fidelity and even today it is common for bridal bouquets to contain a sprig of this amazing, interesting and important evergreen plant."

The oval shape of the leaves, as well as the presence
of flowers, shows that this is a mature Ivy plant

A Honey-bee (Apis mellifera) feeding on Ivy flowers

Ivy berries just starting to form. Later in the
Winter these will be black





Wednesday, 30 September 2020

A couple of articles I wrote - plus some extra photos

Hi all, for the last couple of months I have been writing a monthly 'nature column' for my local on-line Newspaper. 

The first one I wrote was in August. It had the title "August - a month of two seasons" and in it I talked about how, in the UK at least, August is both part of summer (with hot weather and lots of flowers still blooming) and part of autumn (if you're a migrating wader for example). To read about that go to : https://thetees.online/august-a-month-of-two-seasons/

This month's one, which went live on the 25th of September, was called Ducks, ducks and 'ducks'. In it I propound the theory that, despite what the books will tell you, there are three kinds of ducks:- Ducks that are Mallards, ducks that aren't Mallards, and ducks that aren't ducks at all. To read about that and to see if you agree with me, go to: https://thetees.online/ducks-ducks-and-ducks/

And now here are some of the photos that I didn't have space to include in the articles:-

Great Willowherb at Saltholme RSPB, 19th Aug 2020

Toadflax near Redcar, 23rd Aug 2020

Bar-tailed Godwits at South Gare 30th Sept 2018

A (slightly blurry) Black-tailed Godwit, still in its brick-red
breeding plumage on the way from its northern nesting
grounds to its wintering area (photo taken at Greatham Creek, 
Teesside, 15th August 2020)

A Grey Plover changing out of summer (breeding) plumage during 
its autumn migration - Seal Sands, Teesside, 15th Aug 2020


Coot at Coatham Marsh, Redcar, 13th Sept 2020

A Mallard with some domestic genes.
Albert Park, Middlesbrough 12th Sept 2020

A male Mallard in 'eclipse plumage' (see Species Spotlight - Day 31 - Shoveler 
for an explanation of this). Despite his unusual look, this is an ordinary
Mallard, not a domestic one

Male and female Gadwalls at Coatham Marsh, Redcar, 13th Sept 2020


A Little Grebe (not a duck) and a male Gadwall (a duck that isn't a
Mallard) - Coatham Marsh, Redcar 13th Sept 2020














Saturday, 22 June 2019

Another hidden gem

In my last blog I talked about nature growing through the cracks in an urban street (Finding a Rare Plant). Today I'm going to tell you about a different sort of crack in our modern built environment where nature is continuing to thrive, but on a somewhat larger scale.

A few days ago another ecologist told me about a bit of grassland that he had just discovered, between the two sides of a dual carriageway not far from Middlesbrough, which had four species of wild orchids along with lots of other interesting plants. This morning I decided to pay it a visit. It wasn't very easy to get to, as it's effectively the central reservation of a large A-road taking traffic towards Redcar and Saltburn from the west, but I was able to do it legally and without causing an accident.


It's about 340 metres long and less than 50 metres wide at its widest point but it is beautiful and it is very easy to forget that you are in the middle of a major road. I don't know if it has survived by accident or has been deliberately left, but whatever the case is, I am very happy it has been left.
In a couple of hours I identified 56 plant species (not including trees which I didn't look too closely at, as I was more interested in the grassland species today) including the four orchids that my friend told me about:- Lots of Common Spotted and Pyramidal Orchids, plus smaller numbers of Northern Marsh Orchids and Bee Orchids. There was a lot of a very pretty little star-shaped white flower called Fairy Flax (its less pretty-sounding alternative name, Purging Flax is reflected in its scientific name Linum catharticum). Although I called it grassland - and that is the correct name for it - in the main part of the area there is not actually that much grass growing. However, those grasses that you can see are pretty interesting, such as Quaking Grass (Briza media), with its delicate flower heads made up of lots of little 'rice-crispy-like' florets which shake in the slightest breeze (which is why I wasn't able to get a good picture of it).

The sedges - grass-like plants in the family Cyperaceae - are one of my favourite groups of plants and I was very pleased to find, as well as scattered plants of the common Glaucous Sedge (Carex flacca), a large patch of the less commonly seen Hairy Sedge (Carex hirta), which I haven't seen for quite a few years. It is unusual for a sedge in having hairy leaves (on both sides) and hairy fruits as well.

There were also a few birds there today, including a Whitethroat - a migratory warbler which I think was nesting close to where I found the Hairy Sedge.


Looking south across the site towards the west-bound carriageway,
which you can't see because of the lie of the land
Three lovely Common Spotted Orchids
(Dactylorhiza fuchsii)
A slightly out of focus Pyramidal Orchid
(Anacamptis pyramidalis)



A Bee Orchid (Ophrys apifera)
[photo taken at a different site]

The tiny little stars of Fairy Flax (aka Purging Flax) were everywhere
Hairy Sedge (Carex hirta) - as sedges go, this is a pretty photogenic one,
although I don't think I've managed to capture how
beautiful and distinctive it is in this photo 😊 
A Painted Lady butterfly (Vanessa cardui) on a Knapweed plant.
This species is a migrant to the UK and is unable to survive our winters,
so this individual  was probably in North Africa a few weeks ago






Thursday, 20 June 2019

Finding a rare plant

A couple of weeks ago Sue and I were visiting friends in a small market town in County Durham in the north of England. We’d been for a walk and were nearly back at their house when I noticed an interesting-looking little plant growing between the cobblestones at the edge of a terraced street. At first I couldn’t figure out what it was, although it looked vaguely familiar, so I took a few specimens [NOTE - it was obviously an annual plant growing in some abundance - at least 500 plants in my estimation - so I knew that taking a few specimens would not harm the population].

By the time we got back to our friends’ house I already had a hunch that it might be something called Four-leaved Allseed (Polycarpon tetraphyllum) - a plant I had only seen a couple of times four years ago. Being away from home and my own books, and without even a handlens on me, was a drawback, although the pictures I found on the internet, and in the wildflower book my friends had, certainly looked right for that species.

The problem was that this was a) a tiny little insignificant-looking plant with no petals present and very little in the way of distinguishing features and b) it was occurring a few hundred miles north of its only native populations in the UK (on the south coast of England) and would, judging from the information available online, be the first record as a wild plant for the whole north-east of England, so I knew I had to be careful about jumping to conclusions as there was quite a high chance
it could be something else altogether.

The next step was to consult more experienced botanists than myself so I took some pictures and emailed them to a friend of mine who confirmed that it was as rare as I thought it was but wasn’t able to comment on the identification, being even less familiar with the plant than I was.

Later that night, when I was at home in Middlesbrough, with my own books and handlens I was able to have a proper look at it and by now was 99% certain that I was right, so I emailed the official botanical recorder for County Durham, with my photos and a description of the plant, where it was growing, and why I thought it was Polycarpon tetraphyllum.

I then bit my nails (metaphorically) for a week until I heard back from him - the delay was caused by a) me getting his email address wrong the first time and then b) the fact that he was on holiday. His first email was not encouraging - he was only looking at the photos on his phone (he was still travelling back from his holiday) but he didn’t think it looked right and thought it might be a Sedum (Stonecrop) instead. However, later the same day he emailed back after looking at the photos on his computer and was starting to think that I might be right after all, but only having seen it on the Isles of Scilly himself he sent the pictures to another botanist for his opinion.

Two more days of waiting and then another email to say that the other botanist also thought it looked good for Polycarpon but that I should send some actual specimens of the plant (rather than just photographs) off to one of the BSBI (Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland) referees for final confirmation, given that it would be a first for the region.

One of the advantages of being a member of the BSBI is that you have access to a network of real experts - the BSBI referees - who can be consulted on questions of identification regarding any plant found in the wild in the UK or Ireland. Usually you have to send them specimens of the plant in the post - either fresh specimens or pressed and dried. Details of which referee to send your plant to are found in the BSBI Yearbook which is sent out to all the members. Most referees specialise in particular families, or even genera (the plural of genus) of plants, but there are some broader categories, such as 'Garden Shrubs', 'non-British Arctic-Alpines' and 'Plants in a vegetative state (including winter twigs)' which have their own referees. Many of the referees are people who have literally written the book on their chosen plant subjects.

In my case I was advised to send some fresh specimens (which were still in good condition despite a week in a tupperware box in my fridge) off to the referee for 'Aliens' (although this sounds very funny it just means plants that are not native to or long-established in, the British Isles). This was because, although P. tetraphyllum is native to the UK it is not native to the north of England and also there may be other species of the same genus growing in gardens that could possibly be my plant. I took about half of the material I had and sent it in a jiffy envelope to the referee in question, who lives in Somerset, and then pressed the rest in order to make a herbarium sheet .

This morning I checked my emails and there was one from the referee confirming conclusively that my initial hunch had been right and that my plant was indeed Polycarpon tetraphyllum.

As you will see from the photos below this is definitely a "botanists' plant" and not one that I would expect a casual observer to get excited about, or even notice. It is however a pretty little thing, particularly when you look at the fruits through 10x or 20x handlens. Then you can see the star-shaped cross-section and the dark green lines along the vertical edges of the fruit.
Polycarpon tetraphyllum - Four-leaved Allseed on my friend Daniel's hand

Yes, it's just a tiny little weedy plant growing at the edge of an urban street
A slightly closer view of one plant. 




Sunday, 31 March 2019

Cycle ride to the sea

Hi everyone. Sorry about the long gap between blog posts. I’m not sure why I haven’t been writing anything for the past couple of months - it’s probably because I just haven’t been out and about much. That definitely changed today when Sue and I went for a cycle ride to the coast at Redcar and back, coming a slightly longer way on the way home - we totalled about 35 km (nearly 22 miles).

It really felt like Spring  - we were serenaded by birds singing and many wildflowers were visible along the sides of the road.

The birds that we heard included Chiff-chaffs, with their metronome-like ‘chiff chaff’ song (from which they get their name), the musical songs of Robins, Blackbirds and Song Thrushes, Chaffinches sounding like a fast bowler taking a run up, the fast, frenetic song of the Wren (much louder than you might expect from such a small bird) and the ethereal, wistful warble of a distant Skylark, high up in the sky over a yellow field of Oilseed Rape. I thought we might hear our first Blackcaps of the year (flutey, melodious) but sadly it was not to be - just a little too early maybe.

After hitting the coast at Redcar we cycled south along the seafront to Marske and stopped for tea and biscuits on a bench where we could look down on the beach. Sanderlings like little white clockwork toys entertained us, while a small flock of Turnstones were more sedate. Just as we were about to leave, two immature Herring Gulls drew our attention to a distant Red-throated Diver (still in its winter plumage, so no red-throat today) which had caught a fish that they were trying to steal.

Early spring flowers were everywhere - white blossom of Blackthorn in the hedges, Apple and Cherry blossom in the gardens of the houses; creamy White Deadnettle with their hooded flowers and yellow cushions of Lesser Celandine flowers in patches of woodland, and the white fuzz of Danish Scurvy-grass along the big main road. 

This last species (which, despite the name, is a member of the cabbage family, with tiny white, cross-shaped flowers, and not a grass at all) is a ‘halophyte’ (salt-loving species) which in Britain used to be found only on the coast. In the last forty-or-so years, however, it has spread inland, mostly along main roads. This is because the edges of large roads now are very salty as a result of gritting during winter (note for non-UK residents in case this doesn’t happen in your countries - when icy conditions are expected here, the local councils and highways authorities spread coarse salt, known as ‘grit’, on road surfaces to create a saline solution which has a lower freezing point than pure water). While preparing to write this blog-post I discovered something that makes me suspect that many people outside the UK (where we have pretty mild winters) will not be familiar with this practice. Below -4ºC (24.8ºF) salt becomes less effective and below -10ºC (14ºF) it is completely ineffective.

The first image below shows the botanical recording area of North-east Yorkshire. Each red square represents a 2x2km square, known as a tetrad, in which Danish Scurvy-grass has been recorded by botanists. The second image shows the same map with the approximate locations of the major urban areas marked on, as well as approximate routes of sections of two of the major roads (the A19 and the A64). The degree of correlation is quite marked. I could also have marked on other settlements such as Great Ayton, Guisborough and Staithes, and roads such as the A170 going west from Pickering. And this map only shows where the species has been recorded by skilled botanists, and only at a fairly coarse scale. I believe that if it were possible to show everywhere this plant really grows, at a fine scale (say 1x1m), I believe that the resulting map would be a very accurate outline of our road network.






Thursday, 10 January 2019

A winter's day in Doggy

I had a little walk around my local area today, and rather than writing down notes, I used the voice-memo function on my phone to record myself doing a running commentary as I walked along.

This is a (very slightly edited) transcript of that recording.

Thursday, around 2pm:

I’ve come out of the library in North Ormesby ('Doggy' to its friends) and I hear the sound of Starlings and House Sparrows chattering. It’s really quite loud, and as I go onto Esk Street I see in the hedgerow a good twenty or thirty House Sparrows and a similar number of Starlings. They’re making a right racket. A bit further down two Blackbirds hop out of the hedge onto the pavement and I can hear another one flying behind me and making that rattling, scolding call that they do.
Overhead is a flock of Starlings and there’s a seagull… it looks like a Herring Gull I think. And there’s another Herring Gull, flying over the houses on Maria Street. As I walk a bit further down Esk Street a Pied Wagtail flies up off the road - I didn’t even see it there until it flew. I hear it doing its ‘chizzik, chizzik’  flight-call (leading some people to call them “Chiswick Fly-overs”).
A couple of Carrion Crows up in a Sycamore tree are joined by another Blackbird.

The new play area on Esk Street is looking quite nice now. The grass is all grown. The new evergreen shrubs in the flowerbeds with all the bark chipping underneath them… they’re looking quite well maintained, and there’s cherry blossom just coming out. Oh, and there’s a Long-tailed Tit, flying along the little line of young trees that have been planted, to the lovely little blossom tree. Now I can hear the ‘drr drr drr’ of a small flock of Long-tailed Tits. There’s one, two, three... four, five, six, seven… eight. Tiny little pink, white and black birds like a fuzzy ping-pong ball with a long tail. And they’ve gone into the honeysuckle, erm, hedge I suppose you’d call it, next to the basketball court. Just behind them is where all the fairground equipment is stored. It looks like just a big storage yard but there’s still life there.
In the playground, amongst all the grass there’s Red Deadnettle, Groundsel, Field Speedwell, Chickweed, Spear Thistle, what looks like a Dock (maybe Broad-leafed Dock),  Sow-thistle. The grass is growing through the plastic netting they’ve put down to protect it - it’s looking okay. It’s still winter and once it gets a bit warmer I’m sure it’ll grow well and you won’t be able to see the netting.
One of the young trees has been broken off by vandals but there are some shoots growing from the bottom, so that’ll still survive.

Walking down the footpath from Esk Street, down towards James Street … it’s actually nicer than I remember. There’s a bit of litter and a bit of dog poo, but it’s more open, less enclosed than I remember it being. Going past the school on one side and the yard with the fairground equipment on the other. A couple of guys are welding some of the equipment together - doing repairs I think, getting ready for the spring and summer season.
I can hear more House Sparrows in the hedge now, and there’s a couple of Woodpigeons just flown away. And the catkins in a small Alder tree. There are two different kinds of catkins … male ones hanging down - yellow with pollen - and the little female cones that look a bit like tiny pine cones.
A little bird hops across the path. What is it? Oh, I can see - it’s a Dunnock. Its greyish head and brown streaky body. Like a Robin but without the red breast and with more grey on the head. My mother (and everyone of her generation) used to call them Hedge Sparrows, but they're not closely related to our other sparrows.

And round onto James Street. Up in the tree - what are those things up there… like round balls. As I get closer I can see they are Woodpigeons.
I like the way they’ve used old tyres, in the school playground, and also in the Esk Street playground - they’ve half buried them, so that the top bit’s sticking out and they make, like a kind of mini obstacle course I suppose.
There are a couple of Goldfinches up there in a tree on James Street - just chattering away, making buzzy calls with little twittery notes.

Walking further down James Street to Harrison Street - there are two big planters with nothing in them, apart from wood chips, covering the soil. They’re a good three metres by seven metres, with car parking spaces in between them. Something could be done with that I think.

Coming round towards the church and the Market Square, I can hear more Starlings up on the church tower. They seem to like the high vantage point. 
These trees in front of the church had a flock of 60-odd Waxwings in a couple of years ago… no sign of any this year, although there were a few over in Sainsbury’s car park in Middlesbrough a couple of weeks ago. They're pretty birds, like a pink Starling, with  funny hairdo and waxy red and yellow tips to the wings. They come down from Scandinavia in winter to feed on our berries. They seem to like the trees that they plant in supermarket car parks and housing estates.
There’s a lone Black-headed Gull on top of a street light at the end of Kings Road on James Street. He’s not got his (or maybe her) black head, because he’s in winter plumage.

After walking down the first bit of Kings Road I turn right, and then left onto Kreuger Alley (I wonder where Kreuger Alley gets its name from). There’s lots of Pyracantha - Firethorn - here, with its little orange and red berries. That should be good for birds to feed on.
Going further down Kreuger Alley there’s a big open area where it looks like maybe a couple of houses were knocked down - it’s all sort of waste ground… sometimes cars park on it. Looking through onto Westbourne Grove, there’s a whole lot of Buddleia in there which is providing cover for some birds that I can see. What’s that? Oh, it’s another Blackbird. Its just flown out onto a garage roof.
And there’s a Feral Pigeon strutting around in the site of another former house - it’s drinking out of a puddle. It’s lifting its head after every mouthful - which is interesting because I read that pigeons are among the few birds that can suck water up without having to lift their heads to let the water roll down their throat… this one’s definitely lifting its head though. I can hear the sound of the pigeons wings as they flap away.
I didn’t realise this alleyway had a name until today, but this is still Kreuger Alley. Coming up to the end of the alley, to where it comes out onto Kings Road, there’s the back yard of a house with a high wall and lots of broken glass stuck on the top of it - just next to that there’s a whole lot Clematis growing over the top of the wall. It’s been cut back a bit but it looks like it might be quite nice when it’s flowering.

Getting back to my house - I can see that I really need to tidy up the front yard. There’s a whole lot of litter that’s been blown into the corner underneath the plants. And lots of grass growing out from amongst the slabs. You might think grass is just grass, but a lot of this is a plant called Water-bent (a funny name for something that grows out of dry paths and pavement edges). It’s not native to this country but has colonised cracks in paving stones, starting off in London and working its way around the country… so it’s definitely made it up as far as Middlesbrough. 

And now I'm home and it's time for a cup of tea!"



Sunday, 19 August 2018

Vertical gardens - the flora of the walls of North Ormesby

This morning on my way home from church I went for a little walk around the place where I live - North Ormesby, aka Doggy (apparently a corruption of 'Dock End'). There are lots of old brick walls here, many of which are in quite bad repair, with graffiti and boarded up windows, but also with lots of plants growing out of them, so I decided to take pictures of as many different plant species as I could and tell you a bit about them.
The most obvious group of plants which grow on walls in the UK is the ferns. Ferns grown in many different types of habitats as well as walls, but there are some species (such as many of the Spleenworts (Asplenium  spp.) and the Polypodies (Polypodium spp.)) which rely largely on walls, rock-faces and other vertical surfaces (e.g. trees in some places), while others, such as Male-fern (Dryopteris filix-mas) are more commonly seen on woodland floors but will also happily live on walls as well.
Today I found four fern species growing on the walls I walked past - Hart's-tongue (Asplenium scolopendrium), Maidenhair Spleenwort (Asplenium trichomanes), Wall-rue (Asplenium ruta-muraria)  and Male-fern. In a few places they were growing quite densely along with other kinds of plants. Generally, the more neglected the wall, the richer the flora was, and in some places there were even small trees growing out of cracks. Closer inspection of the pictures will show that most, if not all, of the plants are actually growing on the mortar holding the walls together. This is rich in lime (calcium carbonate) which would naturally be found in alkaline rocks such as limestone and chalk, and this may explain why at least some of the species do so well on walls.
Wall-rue
Maidenhair Spleenwort, with a little bit of Wall-rue poking through it
(I took this photo in 2016 just outside North Ormesby)
Newer walls can have ferns too. This is Male-fern growing with Wall-rue
Hart's-tongue (left) and Maidenhair Spleenwort (right)
A single Male-fern growing with lots of Wall-rue
A rich growth of four species of fern in one place, along with a
few mosses (which, sadly, I am not able to identify)
Buddleia (Buddleja davidii) - a very successful non-native species in the UK.
It really likes  walls, alleyways, factory roofs, and waste-ground.
Its beautiful flowers are very attractive to many of our native butterflies, so ecologists
don't tend to mind it as much as some of the more problematic invasives.
A little moss-like flowering plant called Procumbent Pearlwort (Sagina procumbens).
If you live in the UK, look between the cracks in the pavement next time you go out
and you will probably see this very widespread but very inconspicuous plant
Annual Pearlwort (Sagina apetala) - a close relative of Procumbent Pearlwort,
here growing with Wall-rue and Maidenhair Spleenwort
Pellitory-of-the-wall (Parietaria judaica). This relative of  Stinging Nettle
is widespread on walls in the UK. Its pollen, apparently, is highly
allergenic, so if you suffer from hay-fever, don't sniff it.
One of two species of Bellflower (Campanula portenschlagiana  or  poscharskyana)
which are common escapees from gardens in England and Wales
Herb Robert (Geranium robertianum) - a very common plant of
woodland, hedgerows and waste-ground. It is less common on walls
Grass doesn't just grow on lawns. This one is the very inappropriately named Water Bent (Polygon viridis), an alien species in the UK, which is proving quite successful at colonising dry habitats in urban areas
A young birch tree (Betula sp.) in a very unusual place -
a wall in the car park at the back of Barclays Bank








Friday, 10 August 2018

More weeds and wildflowers - Yarrow and Sneezewort


             


Back in June I wrote a blog-post about a group of plants called Umbellifers  - the Carrot Family
(What is an Umbellifer? - and how to tell two of the commonest ones apart). In it I mentioned a couple of species which are sometimes mistaken for Umbellifers. One of these was Yarrow (Achillea millefolium), pictured above.

Even if you don't think you know Yarrow, if you live in the UK you will certainly have seen it - its feathery leaves and white, umbel-like flower heads are a very common sight in lawns, grass verges and weedy roadsides across the whole country. If you are a gardener you may be familiar with some of the cultivated varieties, including some pretty pink or yellow flowered forms.

Despite its appearance, Yarrow is actually in the daisy family (the Asteraceae, formerly known as the Compositae)  - if you look closely at the flower heads you can see that it is made up of lots of little 'daisies', but with white centres as well as white outer petals. Also, and perhaps surprisingly, each of these little 'daisies' is not actually a single flower, but a flower-head made up of several tiny flowers (or 'florets') - this is also true of daisies themselves and all the other members of the family, such as dandelions, thistles and sunflowers.

The first part of the scientific name of Yarrow - Achillea - is a reference to Achilles, the  character from Greek mythology, whose soldiers apparently used it to treat their wounds. The specific name - millefolium - means 'a thousand leaves' and refers to its feathery foliage. This is also reflected in one of the old names for the species, Milfoil.

Yarrow has a close relative in the genus Achillea, called Sneezewort (Achillea ptarmica). This is much less common in the UK than Yarrow and is usually found in damp grassland, although the plant in the photographs below was growing on an overgrown roadside verge in the North York Moors, and very close to some Yarrow, making it very easy to compare the two and look at the similarities and differences. The individual flower-heads look quite similar although they are bigger in Sneezewort and the way they are grouped together does not look so obviously 'umbel-like'. The leaves, on the other hand, are quite different, being long and thin with little teeth, rather than deeply divided and feathery.